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Animizm Nedir - Mitoloji Animizm Erken dini inançlara göre, sadece insanların bir ruhu yoktu. İlkel yaşamın zorlu sınavlarından sağ çıkabilmek için, insanların çevreleriyle akrabalık içinde yaşamaları gerekiyordu. Hayvanların, bitkilerin, nesnelerin ve hatta hava unsurlarının da bir ruhu olduğuna inanıyorlardı.
Animizm Nedir?Animizm, tüm nesnelerin ve canlıların bir ruha veya ruha sahip olduğuna dair inançtır. Yazarlar tarafından en eski din biçimi olarak kabul edilir. Terim, İngiliz antropolog Sir Edward Tylor tarafından türetilmiştir ve Latince türevi olan Anima , ruh veya yaşam nefesi anlamına gelir. Animizm, yerli kabilelerde yaygındı ve daha sonra modern, organize tek tanrılı dinlere dönüşen ilkel bir din biçimi olduğu düşünülüyordu.
Animizm Animizm Teorileriİlkel kültürlerin ve dinlerin gelişimi ve anlaşılması, Avrupalı kaşiflerin Afrika , Hindistan ve Yeni Dünya’yı – Amerika ve Avustralya’yı – keşfetmelerinden sonra ortaya çıktı. Bu sömürgeciler dinleri olan Hristiyanlığı yanlarında getirdiler ve karşılaştıkları yeni medeniyetler için bir ölçüt olarak kendi din ve kültür standartlarını ve anlayışlarını kullandılar. Bu dönem hakkında yazan yazarlara göre, sömürgeciler çoğunlukla misyonerlerdi.
Misyonerler, kendi kişisel bakış açıları sayesinde, ruhları insanlardan başka şeylere atfettikleri ve bu ruhların her şeyle iletişim kurabildiğine ve günlük yaşamlarını etkileyebildiğine inandıkları takdirde kültürleri ilkel olarak etiketlediler. O dönemde Darwin’in teorilerine verilen desteğin artmasıyla, Avrupalı entelektüeller karşılaştıkları yerli kabilelerin kültürlerinin ve dinlerinin ilkel doğasına daha da ikna oldular.
Animizm Nedir 15 Erken TeorilerSir Edward Tylor , 1871’de dinin animizmden politeizme ve daha sonra monoteizme doğru ilerlediği iddia edilen ilerlemeyi tasvir eden İlkel Kültür adlı bir kitap yayınladı . Tylor kültürleri 19. yüzyıl Avrupası standartlarına göre yargıladı ve bu nedenle animizmi kusurlu bir dini sistem olarak gördü. Çalışmalarında, kültürlerin dini en temel haliyle barındırabilmeleri için en azından ruhsal varlıklara inanmaları gerektiğini ileri sürdü. O noktadan itibaren inanç sistemlerinin evrimleşeceğini ve daha karmaşık hale geleceğini, doktrin geliştireceğini ve tanrıları ve iblisleri etkilemek için ayinler gerçekleştireceğini ileri sürdü.
Bazı akademisyenler Tylor’ın animistik inançlara sahip kültürlerden çok kopuk olabileceğine ve onların dini görüşlerinin hayatta kalmak için günlük mücadelelerinde ne kadar temel olduğunu anlamamış olabileceğine inanıyor.
Tylor’ın zamanında animizm ve ilkel toplumlar üzerine tartışmalar yaygındı ve totemizm gibi daha fazla dini teoriye yol açtı . Totemizm kavramı başlangıçta bir kişinin koruyucu ruhunu temsil eden bir hayvana inanç olarak tanımlandı, ancak daha sonra odak noktasını değiştirerek bir bitki veya hayvan ruhsal varlığıyla ailevi ilişkiye dönüştü. Bazı bilginler büyüye ve doğaüstüne olan inancın dinin gelişiminden önce geldiğini ileri sürdüler. Büyü uygulayıcıları insanları başarısızlığa uğrattığında, bunun yerine tanrılara olan inancı geliştirdiler.
Animizm Nedir 16 Modern Bakış Açısı1960 yılında antropolog A. Irving Hallowell , Ojibwa Ontolojisi, Davranışı ve Dünya Görüşü adlı makalesini yayınladı . Yazar, Kuzey Amerika’daki Ojibwa halkının duyarlılık, iletişim kurma yeteneği ve kişisel tercih gibi bir kişinin niteliklerini hava durumu, pişirme kapları, taşlar vb. gibi şeylere atfettiğini ilan etti. Hallowell, Batı’nın bir kişi tanımına meydan okumaya çalıştı.
Antropolog Nurit Bird-David, Hallowell’in çalışmalarından etkilenmiştir. 1999’da Hallowell’in öncülüne dayanan bir makale yayınladı ve belki de bir bireyin ruhunun katı ve o kişiye bağlı olmadığını, bunun yerine ruhlar arasındaki sınırın akışkan olduğunu ekledi. Yazar, ruhun başkalarıyla ve çevreyle olan ilişkisi tarafından daha da tanımlandığını iddia ediyor. Antropolog Graham Harvey, 2005’te Animizm : Yaşayan Dünyaya Saygı adlı kitabını yayınladı ve tüm insanların insan olmadığı görüşünü destekledi. Ayrıca animizmi, şeyler arasındaki ilişki açısından tanımladı.
Animizm ÖrnekleriTotemizm, animizmin bir alt kategorisi olarak görülür. Benzer şekilde, fetişizm, örneğin Voodoo’da bir nesneye güç atfetmektir. Voodoo uygulayıcıları ruhlara hizmet eder ve gizemlerin, ruhların, görünmezlerin ve meleklerin gizli dünyasıyla ilgilenir. Şamanizm de animizmin bir alt kategorisi olarak görülür. Yazarlar, şamanların kendilerini bir transa sokarak ruh dünyasıyla iletişim kurduğunu ve oraya girdiğini iddia eder. Vücuttaki hastalıkları iyileştirmek için ruhu iyileştirmeleri gerektiğine inanırlar. Yetenekli şamanların hayırsever ruhlarla iletişim kurduğu, daha az yetenekli veya kara şamanların ise genellikle kötü tanrıların yardımına güvendiği iddia edilir.
Animizm Nedir 17 Animistik Yaşam BiçimiÇeşitli animistik alt kategoriler, ruhsal varlıklarla iletişim ve bunların etkilediği belirli koşullar ve akrabalık yoluyla hayatta kalma konusundaki ilkel arzularıyla bağlantılıdır. Hayatta kalmak için, insanlar hayvanları kişi olarak görmelerine rağmen, hayvan yemeye ihtiyaç duyarlardı. Yazarlar, hayvanların birbirleriyle ve insanlarla ailevi düzeyde yakın etkileşim içinde olduğunu belirtiyorlar. Animistler ayrıca, yemek için bitkisel gıda kaynağı bulduklarında, bitki yaşamıyla akrabalıklarını da ifade ettiler. Bazı yazarlar, bir kültürün yiyecek kaynaklarına dualar sunduğunu iddia ediyor.
Avrupalılar için keşif çağında medeniyet nihai hedefti. Onlar, gelişmiş bir toplum durumunun üstünlüğüne kesin olarak inanıyorlardı. Onların bakış açısından bakıldığında, ideallerinden farklı olan her şey aşağıydı ve ilkel veya yerel yolları düzeltmek için değiştirilmesi gerekiyordu. Peki medeniyetin bu insanlar üzerinde nasıl bir etkisi oldu? Doğa ve manevi dünya ile uyuma doğru modern hareketle, barbar yollarımıza geri dönüyormuşuz gibi görünüyor, ancak insan gerçekten ne zaman en mutlu oldu: narsisizmi ve açgözlülüğü kutlayan gelişmiş bir toplumda mı yoksa tüm canlılarla akrabalık içinde yaşarken mi?
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Ben Serkan. Mitoloji destanlar ve tarih konusunda sizlere en iyi bilgileri sunmak hazırlamak için buradayım. Herkese sevgi ve saygılarımla...
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